Abstract: Grounded in the theory of man-land relationship territorial systems， an analytical framework for Rural High-quality Development（RHD） was constructed from three dimensions： Agricultural Production （AP）， Rural Environment （RE） and Peasants' Livelihood （PL）. The level and spatial pattern of RHD in Henan Province were quantitatively measured，and its underlying mechanisms were analyzed. It was revealed that the overall level of RHD at the county level in Henan was relatively low， with a spatial pattern characterized by higher levels in the north and lower levels in the south.Significant disparities in RHD among counties were observed， with higher development quality and greater internal variation found in urban agglomeration areas.Talent， technology， and economic development were identified as the key factors influencing RHD at the county level. In urban agglomeration areas， the RE and PL dimensions were determined to be decisive for RHD， whereas in non-urban agglomeration areas， AP was recognized as the critical dimension.These findings emphasized that the differentiated policy support was required to promote RHD in counties both within and outside urban agglomerations.