Abstract: Taking Guiyang City as the research area, based on the data of various land use types in 2010 and 2020, the fractal theory was used to explore the speed and range of land use change in Guiyang city, and the driving factors of land spatial structure change in Guiyang city were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) Guiyang was predominantly comprised of cultivated land and forest land. Throughout the study period, there was a decrease in the area of agricultural land such as cultivated land, forest land, and grassland, while there was a significant increase in the area of construction land and water bodies. (2) During the study period, different parts of Guiyang city exhibited substantial variations in class fractal dimension. The overall boundary dimension displayed an upward trend while the form dimension declined. These findings indicated that urban spatial structure had become more irregular, resulting in complex urban land use patterns and decreased compactness. (3) The change in land use type within Guiyang city could be attributed to both natural factors as well as human influences, particularly economic factors and policies.