Abstract: The 2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Svante PÄÄBO, Swedish evolutionary geneticist, his groundbreaking research on ancient human genomics and its implications for human evolution. Based on the introduction of the birth of genomics, the research and findings of PÄÄBO and his team on Neanderthals and Denisovans are interpreted, the role of palaeogenomics in the recognition and treatment of diseases is introduced, and the future development prospect of foundation science and technology is prospected.