Abstract: Based on mobile phone signaling data, the permanent population is taken as the present research object with the districts and counties as the basic unit. The description of the characteristics of population distribution, the analysis of the degree of population agglomeration and mobility, and the exploration of the influencing factors of population spatial distribution in China are carried out. It is found that the population spatial distribution and agglomeration in China is high in the south, east and urban agglomeration of the Yangtze River Delta. In addition, China's floating population is mainly distributed in the southeast of the "Hu Huanyong" line, concentrated in core cities and urban agglomerations, which diaplays a patchy distribution pattern. Moreover, the scale of economy, average income level, proportion of third industries and the degree of transportation linkage have positive effects on the inflow of regional population.